In this paper, some various families constructed from the logit of the generalized Beta, Beta، Kumar, generalized Gamma, Gamma, Weibull, log gamma and Logistic distributions are reviewed. Then a general family of distributions generated from the logit of the normal distribution is proposed. A special case of this family, Normal-Uniform distribution, is defined and studied. Various properties of the distribution are also explored. The maximum likelihood and minimum spacings estimators of the parameters of this distribution are obtained. Finally, the new distribution is effectively used to analysis a real survival data set.

We consider a sequence of independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables with absolutely continuous distribution function F(x) and probability density function (pdf) f(x). Let Rnl be the largest observation after observing nth record and R(ns) be the smallest observation after observing the nth record. Then we say Wnr=Rnl-R(ns), n>1, as the nth record range. We will consider some distributional properties of Wnr when f(x) = 1, 0£ x £1.

The goal of this study is to introduce an Asymmetric Uniform-Laplace (AUL) distribution. We present a detailed theoretical description of this distribution. We try to estimate the parameters of AUL distribution using the maximum likelihood method. Since the likelihood approach results in complicated forms, we suggest a bootstrap-based approach for estimating the parameters. The proposed method is mainly based on the shape of the empirical density. We conduct a simulation study to assess the performance of the proposed procedure. We also fit the AUL distribution to real data sets: daily working time and Pontius data sets. The results show that AUL distribution is a more appropriate choice than the Skew-Normal, Skew t, Asymmetric Laplace and Uniform-Normal distributions.

This study is concerned with generating odd distribution by combining Rayleigh distribution to uniform distribution, denoted by (RUOD). We drive the distribution function (df), its probability density function (pdf), and we discuss some other properties like the survival function, moments and graphs of such functions. Also, we estimate the parameters model of the generated distribution RUOD by using the maximum likelihood method to find the approximate values that fit the desired distribution. Eventually, we analyze some data set by the generated RUOD and compare the results upon the goodness-of-fit measures with respect to Rayleigh distribution to decide the best distribution that fits the data set.

Introduction: Irradiation of loaded tumor with high-Z nanoparticles with low energy photon of 192Ir source during brachytherapy increases absorbed dose of tumor due to increase in possibility of photoelectric phenomena. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dose enhancement due to nanoparticles (NPs) with different atomic numbers and concentrations as well as effect of NPs distribution (uniform & non- uniform) on dose enhancement.Methods: Dosimetric parameters of HDR-192Ir source (MicroSelectron model) were calculated by MCNP-4C code on the basis of recommendations of AAPM, TG-43. A tumor (1 cm3) loaded with uniform and non-uniform distribution of 7, 18 and 30 mgr/gr of 79Au, 64Gd, 26Fe and 22Ti in water phantom (30×30×30 cm3) was simulated. Results: DEF of 4.7% to 19.4% and 3.3 to 18.6% were calculated respectively for uniform distribution of 79Au and 64Gd with 7 to 30 mgr/gr concentrations. For non-uniform distribution these values were 0.4%to 1.9% and 0.2% to 1.2%, respectively. Increased dose of the peripheral-health tissue due to presence of 2 to 8.5 mgr/gr of 79Au and 64Gd was estimated from 1.3% to 6.5% and 1.1% to 4.2%, respectively.Conclusion: increase of atomic number and concentrations of NPs enhance the absorbed dose due to increased possibility of photoelectric phenomena. Non-uniform distribution of NPs underestimated dose compared to uniform distribution; therefore, considering accurate NPs distribution inside the tumor volume is crucial to calculation of dose enhancement. Targeted labeling of NPs for the maximum absorption by tumor and for the minimal penetration into peripheral tissues has potential to increase radiation therapeutic ratio.

Introduction:Magnetic fields are capable of altering the trajectory of electron beams andcan be used in radiation therapy. Theaim of this study was to produce regions with dose enhancement and reduction in the medium.Materials and Methods:The NdFeB permanent magnets were arranged on the electron applicator in several configurations. Then, after the passage of the electron beams (9 and 15 MeV Varian 2100C/D) through the non-uniform magnetic field, the Percentage Depth Dose (PDDs) on central axis and dose profiles in three depths for each energy were measured in a 3D water phantom.Results:For all magnet arrangements and for two different energies, the surface dose increment and shift in depth of maximum dose (dmax) were observed. In addition, the pattern of dose distribution in buildup region was changed. Measurement of dose profile showed dose localization and spreading in some other regions.Conclusion:The results of this study confirms that using magnetic field can alter the dose deposition patterns and as a result can produce dose enhancement as well as dose reduction in the medium using high-energy electron beams. These effects provide dose distribution with arbitrary shapes for use in radiation therapy.

In this paper, experimentally the pressure distribution over wedge and sphere surface in uniform flow has been investigated. Fluid flow over a smooth wedge surface was investigated experimentally to determine the pressure distribution at different values of Reynolds numbers and wedge angles as well as pressure distributions around the sphere of different size are reported for different Reynolds numbers. The variation of static pressures is larger near the wedge vertex and gradually decreases along the length of the wedge surface. At the forward stagnation point the pressure distribution depends on the size of spheres. Separation of flow takes place at an angle of 78o from forward stagnation point for all sizes of spheres. At the rear stagnation point of the sphere the pressure distribution predicts negative pressures. Experimental results provide useful information of interest to potential industrial application. It helps in determining the shape of various wedge and sphere surfaces used in industries for cooling or heating of different wedge surfaces. In the present experiment, it has been found that the pressure near vertex lower as the included angle of the wedge decreases and at lower values of Reynolds number.